3D visualisation: Definition, Explanation & Examples

Concept and meaning of 3D visualisation

3D visualisation refers to the computer-aided process in which objects, data or entire scenarios are depicted in three dimensions. This method is used wherever information needs to be communicated in a way that goes beyond the usual two-dimensional dimension. The focus is on the creation of images or animations that convey a realistic impression of the displayed content and can often be viewed and adapted in real time. In this way, even complex structures, technical relationships or measurement data can be intuitively grasped. 3D visualisation has established itself particularly in data-driven disciplines such as analysis processes and applications based on artificial intelligence when it comes to examining abstract data sets, making patterns visible and conveying results convincingly.

Technical implementation and functionality

Specialised software forms the basis for the development of three-dimensional visualisations. Such programmes process a wide variety of geometric data or even multi-layered data sets and generate a model from them: often as a wireframe structure, occasionally with the help of point clouds or constructed from volume data. This is followed by rendering. Here, the system simulates properties such as surfaces, lighting conditions, shadows and perspective in order to give the finished image a realistic or - depending on requirements - stylised character. The latest graphics hardware, especially powerful GPUs, makes it possible to generate both static representations and interactive and moving scenes with a high level of detail.

In the field of data analysis, visualisation forms such as three-dimensional scatter diagrams, heat maps or networks are used in addition to classic models. Especially for data sets with a large number of parameters, the additional spatial dimension provides better access to deeper relationships. Coupled with methods from artificial intelligence, large, multidimensional data sets are made accessible, so that, for example, the dynamics of developments or the identification of clusters can be visualised more clearly than with a purely two-dimensional representation. Interactive functions such as rotating, zooming or filtering offer users a wide range of options for flexibly analysing the underlying structures.

Application examples and scenarios

3D visualisation has long been firmly established in architecture. Whether virtual tours through building models or coordination between those involved in planning - the realistic visualisation facilitates communication and mutual understanding. Another field of application is medical imaging, where high-resolution 3D models are created from tomography data, enabling doctors to plan operations more precisely, for example. Production companies rely on three-dimensional visualisations, for example for the development of machine components, in production simulation or for the creation of digital prototypes in order to shorten development times and use resources more efficiently.

In the field of data-intensive analyses, 3D visualisation opens up new perspectives. In genetics, for example, relationships between numerous genes can be modelled spatially, allowing hidden connections to be identified. In global trade, the movement of goods between countries can be visualised as animated 3D networks, making it easier to identify patterns and exceptions. Machine learning also benefits: By projecting complex data into three-dimensional space, the decision-making mechanisms of neural networks, for example, can be visualised more comprehensibly. Companies are increasingly integrating three-dimensional visualisations into dashboards and interactive presentations in order to make even complex issues comprehensible for different target groups.

Advantages and disadvantages of 3D visualisation

A key added value of 3D visualisation is the ability to convey spatial relationships and complex interrelationships more clearly. The use of perspective, depth and movement helps to quickly recognise patterns in large volumes of data and at the same time promotes intuitive access to information. The increased degree of visualisation also promotes acceptance among a wide range of user groups. Interactive options also allow a differentiated view from different angles and targeted immersion in details.

However, higher hardware and software requirements must also be taken into account, as well as the sometimes considerable effort involved in modelling and configuring the visualisation. Unfavourably designed or overloaded visualisations can also lead to the actual information content suffering due to the complexity. It is therefore advisable to adapt the use of 3D visualisation to the specific benefit and objective: Where the additional spatial dimension provides real added value, it contributes significantly to understanding and decision-making.